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Vaquero, E, & Balsells, M. À. (2022) La educación parental desde un enfoque interseccional: perspectiva de género e interculturalidad. https://fundacionlacaixa.org/documents/2278030/3283773/educacion-parental-desde-enfoque-interseccional.pdf
Family diversity
Family diversity
All families in an educational center can be structurally and particularly diverse; with different trajectories, stories, experiences, backgrounds... and therefore, with specific and concrete characteristics in terms of gender identity, cultural origin, economic situation, age, nationality or religion, for example. Each of these axes of identity not only configure the identity of each family, but also overlap, intersecting in such a way that they define in a complex way, the educational needs of the school community.
Intersectional approach
Intersectional approach
The origin of the term "intersectionality" dates back to 1989 when the Afro-American jurist Kimberlé Crenshaw argued that the racial and gender discrimination suffered by Afro-American women overlapped, generating greater social inequalities than would be expected when treating each of these. inequalities independently.
This approach supposes a much broader, complex, deeper, holistic and, in a certain way, ecological view of the effects of the different traits or identity axes of each family. Intersectionality questions the tendency to approach multiple discriminations as if they were composed of separable factors (La Barbera, 2020). Thus, gender, age, ethnicity, religion, ethnic origin, social class, educational level, disabilities or sexual orientation are dimensions that diversify the factors - risk and protection - that explain situations of vulnerability. , but this does not make them independent, but rather interdependent between them because they intersect and overlap. This interdependence means that it is not possible to explain or understand a situation of inequality or discrimination by isolating each of the different factors in the equation. Thinking in an intersectional key means understanding these dimensions as elements that are interrelated and overlapping, that are irreducible to each other and that cannot be categorized in a rigid or static way (Yuval-Davis, 2006).
Interesectional axes
Interesectional axes
Throughout the last decades, the literature has been collecting in an increasingly broad way the different dimensions or axes of identity that people can have. Among the different dimensions, it is increasingly common to consider some of them, such as gender or cultural origin, but it should be noted that there is a great multiplicity of dimensions that allow and explain the identity and diversity of each person.
The theorization of intersectionality was born closely linked to the axes of sex, race and social class, but there is no closed list of axes nor can a hierarchy be established between them (Coll-Planas & Solà-Morales, 2019). Currently, those that are most worked on in the European context are the following: social class, disability and functional diversity; age and life cycles; sex, gender, sexual orientation and gender identity; cultural origin, migrations and nationality; raciality; and finally religion and beliefs. But there are also other axes related to fertility, social support networks (both formal and informal) or socioeconomic level.
The axes or dimensions of identity should not be considered from a monofocal, sectoral or segmented logic, but rather should be understood as different planes on which each person configures a part of their identity. The superposition and intersection of the different planes configure a complex multidimensional vision of the identity of each person. For example, on the gender plane or axis, people can identify with cisgender, transgender, non-binary or fluid gender... but this identity is not isolated from other dimensions, such as age (adolescent, adult, senior citizen). ...) or sexual orientation (homosexual, bisexual, heterosexual...), and which are also other planes that explain part of a person's identity.
Gender perspective to improve family participation
Gender perspective to improve family participation
The gender perspective allows us to overcome stereotypes and micro-discriminations that are often considered "normalized" in the family environment. For example, women are credited with greater capacity to establish affective relationships and bonds with their sons and daughters; they traditionally perform a reproductive role, and take charge of the tasks of care, cleaning and management of the home. On the other hand, men are assumed to have the role of guaranteeing the physical safety and economic viability of the family nucleus, as well as the maintenance of "order and justice" with regard to norms, limits or decision-making. All these stereotypes are ultimately social constructions, based on a purely biological aspect, about what is socially considered that a man or a woman should do or the role that a man or woman should play.
The concept of gender introduces a broader understanding of situations of inequality between women and men. Analyzing gender from an intersectional logic can not only help us to better understand gender relations in conjunction with other dimensions, but also identify how these gender relations are transferred to the family sphere, to the exercise of parenthood, to the performance of certain roles by men and women, as well as the distribution or assumption of certain daily tasks within the family, among others.
The gender perspective supposes, in effect, a transformative perspective on three levels: gender equality, equitable participation and empowerment.
1. Gender equality means ending discrimination based on sex, granting the same value, the same rights and the same opportunities to women and men.
2. Equitable participation entails promoting the participation of men and women in areas where they are traditionally discriminated against, or underrepresented.
3. Empowerment involves the process of making visible and recognizing the alternative that breaks gender stereotypes means, through which women gain the confidence, resources, and strength necessary to face the unequal conditions that affect them.
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